The typical get is 1.478 from the plosive status, step 1.forty five regarding the fricative status, step 1.707 on nasal standing, and step 1.942 in the water condition. A decreased section inside Table 3 summarises the outcomes out-of modeling from Lay 3. The brand new baseline try the newest fricative standing, therefore we opposed the brand new plosive compared to. fricative criteria, the latest nose against. fricative requirements, and the water versus. fricative standards. First, the difference between this new plosive and you will fricative requirements wasn’t credible, once the 95% CI with the coefficient guess provided no [?0.06, 0.09]. Next, the nasal vs. fricative and liquids versus. fricative comparisons showed that both of this new coefficient quotes was in fact confident (? = 0.16) (nasal) and you can (? = 0.3) (liquid) and you will each of the 95% CIs don’t were zero ([0.09, 0.24] (nasal) and [0.23, 0.38] (liquid)), and thus indicating you to definitely nonce terminology having nasals and you can water was in fact evaluated becoming way more kawaii names compared to those with fricatives.
Dialogue
The present day study showed that (1) labial consonants are more inclined to feel regarding the kawaii than coronal and you may dorsal consonants, (2) high-regularity consonants will feel of this kawaii than low-regularity consonants, and you can (3) h2o /?/ and you can nasal /n/ are more inclined to getting for the kawaii than just fricative /z/ (and you can plosive /d/). This type of performance advise that the place-of-articulation element of kawaii is actually [labial], therefore the volume function from the kawaii is [high frequency]. The way in which-of-articulation element need subsequent discussion. Since the consonant demonstrating the highest average get try h2o /?/, we could think that trend-of-articulation element in the kawaii try [liquid]. But not, because the Bayesian research presented, nasal /n/ is more likely to be of this kawaii than just fricative /z/. Hence, we can conclude you to h2o and you will nasals, each of which can be [sonorant], try regarding the kawaii.
Standard talk
This study showed that the features of consonants associated with kawaii in Japanese are [labial], [high frequency], and [sonorant]. The motivations for the three features are briefly discussed below. The feature [labial] may be linked to a pouting gesture, that is, a gesture made using both lips can induce Japanese people to feel kawaii (Kumagai, 2020). The feature [labial] may also be linked to the image of babies, in that bilabial consonants are more frequent in the earlier phases of language acquisition (Kumagai and Kawahara, 2020). Thus, it can be said that consonants with feature [labial] can evoke the image of babies, at least in Japanese. The feature [high frequency] may stem from smallness, as the frequency code hypothesis states that high-frequency sounds are associated with smallness (Ohala, 1984, 1994). The feature [sonorant] may be connected to a number of observations on sound symbolic effects in names and shapes. Sonorants are better suited for female names or bulleted shapes (Shinohara and Kawahara, 2013; Asano et al., 2015). To summarise, the factors associated with kawaii may include pouting gesture, babyishness, smallness, femininity, and roundness. It is interesting that some of these factors overlap with the factors noted by Kinsella (1995) for cute characters. She noted that ‘The essential anatomy of a cute cartoon character consists in its being small, soft, infantile, mammalian, round, without bodily appendages (e.g., arms), without bodily orifices (e.g., mouths), non-sexual, mute, insecure, helpless or bewildered’. (p. 226; emphasis mine). Taking the fact into consideration that Kinsella (1995) was published more than 25 years ago, it is inferred that something that evokes kawaii in the minds of Japanese speakers has not changed for at least 25 Г¤r iraki brudar en riktig sak years.
As noted in the introduction section, it is well known that sound symbolism plays an important role in ; Klink and Wu, 2014). The exploration of what consonants are better suited for kawaii names is an interesting topic. Based on the above discussion, it is inferred that the consonants that induce the feeling of kawaii among Japanese people include /p/, /?/, and /m/, as the first consonant /p/ is specified with [labial] and [high frequency], the second consonant /?/ with [sonorant], and the third consonant /m/ with [labial] and [sonorant]. Based on his kawaii judgment experiment with Japanese speakers, Kumagai (2019) discusses whether /m/, in addition to /p/, is another consonant expressive of kawaii in Japanese, since his study results demonstrated that fewest differences existed regarding average scores between nonce words with /p/ and those with /m/. In Japanese words or character names that seem to be associated with kawaii, we find examples that contain /p/, /?/, or /m/. For example, a mimetic word, or onomatopoeia, purupuru, is used to express something soft or something that trembles like jelly. We also find a cute character name pomupomu purin ‘Pom Pom Purin’, created by Sanrio. Moreover, Kawahara (2019) reported that bilabial consonants and /?/ are often used in girls’ names in a popular Japanese anime PreCure, broadcast since 2004. It is expected that these consonants will prove applicable in naming anime characters or products that are characterised by kawaii.